Q. The correct decreasing order of spin only magnetic moment values (BM) of $Cu^+$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Cr^{2+}$ and $Cr^{3+}$ ions is:
A) $Cr^{3+} > Cr^{2+} > Cu^+ > Cu^{2+}$
B) $Cu^+ > Cu^{2+} > Cr^{3+} > Cr^{2+}$
C) $Cr^{2+} > Cr^{3+} > Cu^{2+} > Cu^+$
D) $Cu^{2+} > Cu^+ > Cr^{2+} > Cr^{3+}$
A) $Cr^{3+} > Cr^{2+} > Cu^+ > Cu^{2+}$
B) $Cu^+ > Cu^{2+} > Cr^{3+} > Cr^{2+}$
C) $Cr^{2+} > Cr^{3+} > Cu^{2+} > Cu^+$
D) $Cu^{2+} > Cu^+ > Cr^{2+} > Cr^{3+}$
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Solution
1
Formula
$\mu = \sqrt{n(n+2)}$ BM | $n$ = number of unpaired electrons
Note: Cu → $[Ar]\,3d^{10}4s^1$ (anomalous) | Cr → $[Ar]\,3d^5 4s^1$ (anomalous)
Note: Cu → $[Ar]\,3d^{10}4s^1$ (anomalous) | Cr → $[Ar]\,3d^5 4s^1$ (anomalous)
2
Electronic Configurations & Magnetic Moments
$Cu^+$: $[Ar]\,3d^{10}$ → $n = 0$ → $\mu = 0$ BM
$Cu^{2+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{9}$ → $n = 1$ → $\mu = \sqrt{3} \approx 1.73$ BM
$Cr^{3+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{3}$ → $n = 3$ → $\mu = \sqrt{15} \approx 3.87$ BM
$Cr^{2+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{4}$ → $n = 4$ → $\mu = \sqrt{24} \approx 4.90$ BM
$Cu^{2+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{9}$ → $n = 1$ → $\mu = \sqrt{3} \approx 1.73$ BM
$Cr^{3+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{3}$ → $n = 3$ → $\mu = \sqrt{15} \approx 3.87$ BM
$Cr^{2+}$: $[Ar]\,3d^{4}$ → $n = 4$ → $\mu = \sqrt{24} \approx 4.90$ BM
3
Decreasing Order
$Cr^{2+}$ (4.90) $>$ $Cr^{3+}$ (3.87) $>$ $Cu^{2+}$ (1.73) $>$ $Cu^+$ (0 BM)
Answer: Option C ✓
Answer: Option C ✓
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Theory
1. Spin Only Magnetic Moment and Unpaired Electrons
The spin only magnetic moment formula $\mu = \sqrt{n(n+2)}$ BM is used for transition metal ions where only electron spin contributes to magnetism. The value of $n$ (unpaired electrons) is determined from the electronic configuration using Hund’s rule. Higher the number of unpaired electrons, higher the magnetic moment. Ions with zero unpaired electrons (like $Cu^+$ with $3d^{10}$) are diamagnetic with $\mu = 0$ BM, while ions like $Cr^{2+}$ with four unpaired electrons ($3d^4$) show the highest paramagnetism among the four ions in this question.
2. Anomalous Electronic Configurations of Cu and Cr
Copper (Cu, Z=29) has the ground state configuration $[Ar]\,3d^{10}4s^1$ instead of the expected $[Ar]\,3d^9 4s^2$, because a completely filled $3d^{10}$ subshell is extra stable. Chromium (Cr, Z=24) has $[Ar]\,3d^5 4s^1$ instead of $[Ar]\,3d^4 4s^2$, because a half-filled $3d^5$ is extra stable due to maximum exchange energy and symmetrical distribution. These anomalous configurations are critical for correctly writing the configurations of their ions in JEE problems — forgetting them leads to wrong values of $n$ and wrong magnetic moments.
3. How to Find Configurations of Transition Metal Ions
To write the configuration of a transition metal ion, always start from the correct ground state configuration of the neutral atom (including anomalous cases), then remove electrons from the outermost shell first. For first-row transition metals, electrons are always removed from $4s$ before $3d$. For example, $Cr^{2+}$ loses both $4s^1$ and one $3d$ electron from $[Ar]\,3d^5 4s^1$, giving $[Ar]\,3d^4$. A common mistake is writing $Cr^{2+}$ as $3d^3 4s^1$ or removing from $3d$ first — always remove $4s$ electrons first when forming cations of transition metals.
4. Paramagnetic vs Diamagnetic Transition Metal Ions
A transition metal ion is paramagnetic if it has one or more unpaired electrons, and diamagnetic if all electrons are paired. Among $d$-block ions, only those with $d^0$ or $d^{10}$ configurations are diamagnetic — examples include $Sc^{3+}$ ($d^0$), $Ti^{4+}$ ($d^0$), $Cu^+$ ($d^{10}$), $Zn^{2+}$ ($d^{10}$). All other configurations have unpaired electrons and are paramagnetic. The maximum magnetic moment in the first transition series is shown by $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$, both with $d^5$ configuration giving $n=5$ and $\mu = \sqrt{35} \approx 5.92$ BM.
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Frequently Asked Questions
1
What is the spin only magnetic moment formula?
μ = √(n(n+2)) BM, where n is the number of unpaired electrons. This formula considers only spin contribution, ignoring orbital contribution. It works well for most first-row transition metal ions.
2
Why is Cu+ diamagnetic but Cu2+ paramagnetic?
Cu+ has configuration [Ar] 3d10 — all 10 d-electrons are paired, giving n=0 and μ=0 BM (diamagnetic). Cu2+ has [Ar] 3d9 — one unpaired electron remains, giving n=1 and μ=√3 ≈ 1.73 BM (paramagnetic).
3
What is the anomalous configuration of Chromium?
Chromium (Z=24) has the anomalous ground state [Ar] 3d5 4s1 instead of [Ar] 3d4 4s2. The half-filled 3d5 configuration provides extra stability through maximum exchange energy. This is why Cr2+ (losing 4s1 and one 3d electron) gives [Ar] 3d4 with 4 unpaired electrons.
4
Which transition metal ion has the highest magnetic moment?
In the first transition series, Mn2+ and Fe3+ both have d5 configuration with 5 unpaired electrons, giving the maximum spin only magnetic moment of √(5×7) = √35 ≈ 5.92 BM. Among the four ions in this question, Cr2+ is the highest at ≈ 4.90 BM.
5
How do we remove electrons to form transition metal cations?
Always remove electrons from the outermost shell first. For first-row transition metals, remove 4s electrons before 3d electrons. Example: Cr ([Ar]3d5 4s1) losing 2 electrons → remove 4s1 first, then one 3d electron → Cr2+ is [Ar]3d4, not [Ar]3d3 4s1.
6
What is the magnetic moment of Cr3+?
Cr3+ has configuration [Ar] 3d3 with 3 unpaired electrons. Magnetic moment = √(3×5) = √15 ≈ 3.87 BM. Cr3+ is one of the most common and stable oxidation states of chromium, seen in compounds like Cr2O3 and CrCl3.
7
What are the magnetic moment values to remember for JEE?
Key values: n=1 → 1.73 BM, n=2 → 2.83 BM, n=3 → 3.87 BM, n=4 → 4.90 BM, n=5 → 5.92 BM. These are the most tested values in JEE Main. Memorising these directly saves calculation time in the exam.
8
Why is the anomalous configuration of Cu important for ion calculations?
Cu has [Ar] 3d10 4s1 (not 3d9 4s2). When forming Cu+, only the 4s1 electron is removed → Cu+ is [Ar] 3d10 (diamagnetic, 0 BM). If the wrong ground state [Ar] 3d9 4s2 were used, Cu+ would incorrectly appear as [Ar] 3d9 4s0 = [Ar] 3d9, giving n=1. The anomalous configuration must be memorised.
9
Which d configurations give diamagnetic ions?
Only d0 (no d electrons) and d10 (completely filled d subshell) give diamagnetic ions with zero unpaired electrons. Examples: Sc3+ (d0), Ti4+ (d0), Cu+ (d10), Zn2+ (d10), Ga3+ (d10). All other d configurations from d1 to d9 have at least one unpaired electron and are paramagnetic.
10
What is the difference between spin only and actual magnetic moment?
Spin only magnetic moment considers only electron spin (μ = √n(n+2) BM). Actual magnetic moment also includes the orbital contribution of electrons. For most first-row transition metal ions, spin only values match observed values closely because orbital angular momentum is largely quenched by the ligand field. For heavier transition metals (2nd and 3rd row), orbital contributions become significant.
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